Head and neck cancer is a term used to describe a variety of malignant tumours that develop in or around the throat, larynx, nose, sinuses, and mouth. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment, making it important to recognise the warning signs, understand the causes, and be aware of the risk factors associated with this type of cancer shared by Dr. Vijay Patil, Director, Sunrise Oncology Centre.

Warning Signs of Head and Neck Cancer

Being vigilant about the following symptoms can lead to early diagnosis and better treatment outcomes:

1. Persistent Sore Throat: A sore throat that doesn’t go away, even with antibiotics.

2. Lumps or Sores: Unusual lumps in the mouth, neck, or throat that do not heal and may bleed.

3. Difficulty Swallowing: Trouble swallowing or a feeling that something is caught in the throat.

4. Hoarseness or Voice Changes: Persistent hoarseness, voice changes, or a chronic cough.

5. Ear Pain: Unexplained ear pain, particularly if it is in one ear only.

6. Nasal Congestion and Nosebleeds: Persistent nasal congestion and frequent nosebleeds, especially if they are on one side.

7. Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden and unintentional weight loss.

8. Bad Breath: Persistent bad breath that does not go away with oral hygiene.

9. Numbness or Weakness: Numbness or weakness in the head and neck region.

10. White or Red Patches: White or red patches on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth.

Causes of Head and Neck Cancer

The development of head and neck cancers is often linked to a combination of lifestyle and environmental factors:

1. Tobacco Use: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and using smokeless tobacco products are major risk factors.

2. Alcohol Consumption: Heavy and prolonged alcohol use increases the risk.

3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Infection with HPV, particularly HPV type 16, is strongly associated with certain types of head and neck cancers.

4. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Infection with EBV is linked to nasopharyngeal cancer.

5. Occupational Hazards: Exposure to asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals.

6. Radiation Exposure: Previous radiation treatment to the head and neck area.

7. Poor Oral Hygiene: Neglecting oral health and hygiene can contribute to the risk.

8. Genetic Factors: A family history of head and neck cancer.

Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer

Awareness of the following risk factors can help in taking preventive measures:

1. Age: Most head and neck cancers are diagnosed in people over the age of 50.

2. Gender: Men are at a higher risk than women.

3. Race and Ethnicity: Certain types of head and neck cancers are more common in specific racial and ethnic groups.

4. Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk.

5. Weak Immune System: Conditions that weaken the immune system can elevate the risk.

6. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux may be linked to laryngeal cancer.

Preventive Measures and Early Detection

While some risk factors such as age and genetics cannot be controlled, many others can be mitigated through lifestyle changes and regular screenings:

1. Quit Tobacco and Limit Alcohol: Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption to reduce the risk significantly.

2. Maintain Good Oral Hygiene: Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are essential.

3. Vaccination: HPV vaccination can help prevent HPV-related head and neck cancers.

4. Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

5. Regular Check-ups: Regular medical and dental check-ups can help detect early signs of cancer.