Experts warn that without better regulation of construction and sewer systems, annual downpours responsible for hundreds of deaths in recent months will continue to claim lives.

Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif appeared to acknowledge the issue during his visit to flood-hit northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa last week, where landslides killed more than 450 people.

“Natural disasters are acts of God, but human errors cannot be ignored,” he said. “If influence-peddling and corruption continue to dictate building permits, neither the public nor the government will be spared.”

Pakistan remains one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, with limited resources for adaptation.

In the devastated mountain villages visited by the prime minister, and elsewhere, residential areas built near riverbeds are blocking natural storm drains, former climate change minister Sherry Rehman told AFP.

Entrepreneur Fazal Khan admitted he now sees the “mistake” of constructing homes too close to the river.

His home in the Swat Valley was destroyed first by 2010 floods and then again in the 2022 inundation that affected nearly four million Pakistanis.

“On August 15, once again, the floodwater surged through the channel and entered our home,” the 43-year-old father said.

Man-made mistakes

Since it began in June, this year’s monsoon has killed around 800 people and damaged more than 7,000 homes, with further downpours expected through September.

While South Asia’s seasonal monsoon brings rainfall that farmers depend on, climate change is making the phenomenon more erratic, unpredictable and deadly across the region.

By the middle of this month, Pakistan had already received 50% more rainfall than this time last year, according to disaster authorities, while in neighbouring India, flash floods and sudden storms have killed hundreds.

Extractive practices have also compounded the climate-related disasters, with cash-strapped but mineral-rich Pakistan eager to meet growing American and Chinese demand.

Rehman, the former minister, said mining and logging have altered the natural watershed.

“When a flood comes down, especially in mountainous terrain, a dense forest is very often able to check the speed, scale and ferocity of the water, but Pakistan now only has five percent forest coverage, the lowest in South Asia,” she said.

Urban infrastructure, too, has faltered.

Days after villages were swept away in the north, a spell of rain in the south brought Pakistan’s financial capital, Karachi, to a standstill.

The coastal megacity  home to more than 20 million people  recorded 10 deaths last week, with victims electrocuted or crushed by collapsing roofs.

A Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) report said brown water inundating streets is not only the result of rain but “clogged drains, inadequate solid waste disposal, poor infrastructure, encroachments, elitist housing societies… and so on.”

Published in the wake of 2020’s deadly floods, the report still rings true today.

Negligence

According to the commission, the problems are “inherently political” as various parties use building permits to fuel their patronage networks often disregarding the risks of constructing on top of drainage canals.

In some areas, “the drain has become so narrow that when high tide occurs and it rains simultaneously, instead of the water flowing into the sea, it flows back into the river,” urban planning expert Arif Hasan said in an interview after the 2022 floods.

In the sprawling, rapidly swelling city, the various authorities, both civil and military, have failed to coordinate urban planning, according to the rights commission.

As a result, what infrastructure does get built can solve one problem while creating others.

“Karachi isn’t being destroyed by rain, but by years of negligence,” said Taha Ahmed Khan, an opposition lawmaker in the Sindh provincial assembly.

“Illegal construction and encroachments on stormwater drains, along with substandard roads… have only worsened the crisis,” he added.

Karachi Mayor Murtaza Wahab says he has been asking Islamabad every year for help financing the revamping of drainage canals, to no avail.

“It’s easy to suggest that drainage capacity should be enhanced, but the cost is so high that it might require spending almost the entire national budget,” he told AFP.

Yet during June´s budget vote, the opposition accused the city of having spent only 10% of funds earmarked for a massive development project.

The five-year plan, designed with international donors, was supposed to end the city´s monsoon suffering by the end of 2024.

But nearly a year later, there is no respite.