After rebounding sharply in 2021 from the depths of the pandemic, the global economy grew by 3 percent in 2022, dipped to a 2.6 percent rate last year and is expected to post a tepid 2.4 percent this year, the bank said in its annual Global Economic Prospects report. Those rates lag the 3.1 percent average for the decade of the 2010s.
The continuing slowdown all but guarantees that world leaders will fail to meet the 2030 development goals that 193 members of the United Nations, including the United States, agreed to in 2015. Governments pledged to transform the global economy by the end of this decade by setting 17 ambitious aims, including eliminating extreme poverty, cutting greenhouse gas emissions nearly in half, boosting education for the poor and eradicating hunger.
The measures were not legally binding. But resulting from three years of negotiations, and introduced at the United Nations with an address from Pope Francis, they were seen as packing a moral punch.
“The 2020s have so far been a period of broken promises. Governments across the world have fallen short of the ‘unprecedented’ goals they promised to meet by 2020,” Gill wrote in a foreword to the report that labeled the outlook “wretched.”
In a quarter of the world’s developing countries, people are poorer today than they were before the pandemic, the bank said.
“When you look at the big picture, it’s not pleasant,” said Ayhan Kose, the bank’s deputy chief economist.
Still, the bank celebrated progress in bringing inflation under control, as supply chain kinks were ironed out and higher borrowing costs cooled business activity. Globally, inflation is expected to average 3.7 percent this year, down from 5.3 percent in 2023.
But prices are likely to continue rising faster than central banks such as the Federal Reserve say is advisable well into this year.
“I suggest we don’t pop the champagne yet,” Kose said.
The bank’s forecast calls for the United States to grow at a 1.6 percent rate this year, roughly twice as fast as Europe or Japan. China is expected to grow by 4.5 percent, down from an estimated 5.2 percent last year as its post-covid reopening fades.
In the long run, slowing growth is a problem for advanced economies and middle-income countries alike. One reason for anemic growth in the latter is a sharp drop in investment spending, which is running at barely half the average rate seen in the past two decades.
By implementing policy changes such as expanded trade and capital flows and government budget discipline, developing countries could fuel an investment boom, the bank said, citing historical examples. In 192 episodes since 1950, countries such as Chile, Colombia and Turkey increased annual economic growth rates by almost one-third thanks to sharply higher spending on new plants and equipment.
In such periods, developing countries expanded their economies by around 40 percent over six years, the report said.
While bank economists expect a good-but-not-great year, they warned that conditions are more likely to disappoint than to produce a positive surprise. The war in Gaza — coupled with ongoing hostilities in Ukraine — could sideswipe global growth. Escalation of the fighting in the Middle East would probably send oil prices well above their current $75-per-barrel level, dampening growth and lifting inflation.
Attacks on shipping through the Red Sea have prompted cargo vessels to take the longer, costlier route around the southern tip of Africa. Over the 10 days ending Jan. 2, the volume of trade through the Suez Canal, which connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, dropped 28 percent, according to the International Monetary Fund.
Disruption to that key shipping lane, if it persists, could put upward pressure on prices in the United States and elsewhere.
