Relationship between INW–SE in July and the oceanic Niño index (ONI; derived from the 3-month running mean SSTA averaged across the Niño-3.4 region over 5°N–5°S and 170°–120°W) in June–August. Blue and red dots indicate the typical years of the NW and SE patterns selected under the ±0.7 SD of the INW–SE, respectively. The El Niño and La Niña events are denoted by the specific year number. The blue and red dashed lines denote the −0.7 and +0.7 SD of the INW–SE, respectively.
Citation: Journal of Climate 37, 11; 10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0291.1
